setenforce 0
yum install -y kernel-xen* xen*
sed -i "s/default=1/default=0/g" /etc/grub.conf
wget http://download.lxcenter.org/download/hypervm/production/hypervm-install-slave.sh
sh ./hypervm-install-slave.sh --virtualization-type=xen
lphp.exe /usr/local/lxlabs/hypervm/bin/misc/fixcentos5xen.php #解决Centos xen内核不同步
#Fedora系统为/usr/local/lxlabs/hypervm/bin/misc/fixfc6xen.php
reboot

guest使用windows系统需要使用软连接或者直接将windows iso文件命名为windcd.img存放到/home目录下

ln -sf /home/windows.iso /home/wincd.img

What’s LVM? Why using Linux Logical Volume Manager or LVM? Well, these questions are not the scope here. But in brief, the most attractive feature of Logical Volume Manager is to make disk management easier in Linux!

Basically, LVM allows users to dynamically extend or shrink Linux “partition” or file system in online mode! The LVM can resize volume groups (VG) online by adding new physical volumes (PV) or rejecting those existing PVs attached to VG.


^{A visualized concept diagram of the Linux Logical Volume Manager or LVM}

In this 3-minutes Linux LVM guide, let’s assume that
 

• The LVM is not currently configured or in used. Having say that, this is the LVM tutorial if you’re going to setup LVM from the ground up on a production Linux server with a new SATA / SCSI hard disk.
• Without a luxury server hardware, I tested this LVM tutorial on PC with the secondary hard disk dedicated for LVM setup. So, the Linux dev file of secondary IDE hard disk will be /dev/hdb (or /dev/sdb for SCSI hard disk).
• This guide is fully tested in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 with Logical Volume Manager 2 (LVM2) run-time environment (LVM version 2.00.31 2004-12-12, Library version 1.00.19-ioctl 2004-07-03, Driver version 4.1.0)!

How to setup Linux LVM in 3 minutes at command line?
 

1. Login with root user ID and try to avoid using sudo command for simplicity reason.
2. Using the whole secondary hard disk for LVM partition:
   fdisk /dev/hdb
   
   At the Linux fdisk command prompt,
   
   1. press n to create a new disk partition,
   2. press p to create a primary disk partition,
   3. press 1 to denote it as 1st disk partition,
   4. press ENTER twice to accept the default of 1st and last cylinder – to convert the whole secondary hard disk to a single disk partition,
   5. press t (will automatically select the only partition – partition 1) to change the default Linux partition type (0×83) to LVM partition type (0x8e),
   6. press L to list all the currently supported partition type,
   7. press 8e (as per the L listing) to change partition 1 to 8e, i.e. Linux LVM partition type,
   8. press p to display the secondary hard disk partition setup. Please take note that the first partition is denoted as /dev/hdb1 in Linux,
   9. press w to write the partition table and exit fdisk upon completion.
3. Next, this LVM command will create a LVM physical volume (PV) on a regular hard disk or partition:
   pvcreate /dev/hdb1
   
4. Now, another LVM command to create a LVM volume group (VG) called vg0 with a physical extent size (PE size) of 16MB:
   vgcreate -s 16M vg0 /dev/hdb1
   
   Be properly planning ahead of PE size before creating a volume group with vgcreate -s option!
5. Create a 400MB logical volume (LV) called lvol0 on volume group vg0:
   lvcreate -L 400M -n lvol0 vg0
   
   This lvcreate command will create a softlink /dev/vg0/lvol0 point to a correspondence block device file called /dev/mapper/vg0-lvol0.
6. The Linux LVM setup is almost done. Now is the time to format logical volume lvol0 to create a Red Hat Linux supported file system, i.e. EXT3 file system, with 1% reserved block count:
   mkfs -t ext3 -m 1 -v /dev/vg0/lvol0
   
7. Create a mount point before mounting the new EXT3 file system:
   mkdir /mnt/vfs
   
8. The last step of this LVM tutorial – mount the new EXT3 file system created on logical volume lvol0 of LVM to /mnt/vfs mount point:
   mount -t ext3 /dev/vg0/lvol0 /mnt/vfs

To confirm the LVM setup has been completed successfully, the df -h command should display these similar message:

/dev/mapper/vg0-lvol0 388M 11M 374M 3% /mnt/vfs

Some of the useful LVM commands reference:
 

vgdisplay vg0

To check or display volume group setting, such as physical size (PE Size), volume group name (VG name), maximum logical volumes (Max LV), maximum physical volume (Max PV), etc.

pvscan

To check or list all physical volumes (PV) created for volume group (VG) in the current system.

vgextend

To dynamically adding more physical volume (PV), i.e. through new hard disk or disk partition, to an existing volume group (VG) in online mode. You’ll have to manually execute vgextend after pvcreate command that create LVM physical volume (PV).

转载自：http://www.walkernews.net/2007/07/02/maximum-size-of-a-logical-volume-in-lvm/

本文出自 “有志者事竟成!” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://zh888.blog.51cto.com/1684752/357151

软RAID(mdadm)配置与维护
1.fdsik 分区
按n 分区
按t键改分区信息为fd
新建分区
/dev/sdc1
/dev/sdd1
/dev/sde1
/dev/sdf1
例举如下：
Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 652 5237158+ fd Linux raid autodetect
2.使part设备生效
#partprobe
3.用mdadm 创建/dev/md0

 

mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
mdadm 各参数解释：
-C 是Create(创建）
-l 是RAID级别 （此例为RAID5）
-n 是所用硬盘数量 （此例为3个，分别为/dev/sd{c,d,e}1
-x 是热备（spare）盘数 (此例为1个 /dev/sdf1
/dev/sd{c,d,e,f}1 为device(设备名)此例为/dev/sd(c,d,e,f}1,"sdc1,sdd1,sde1"为RAID5盘三个，“sdf1”为热备（spare）盘
4.用mdadm 显示与检查/dev/md0分区情况
 

/dev/md0:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Jul 8 04:00:27 2011
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 10474112 (9.99 GiB 10.73 GB)
Used Dev Size : 5237056 (4.99 GiB 5.36 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Jul 8 04:00:27 2011
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 2
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Rebuild Status : 71% complete
UUID : ac0b6e5b:904397f1:d8d86aac:277f8585
Events : 0.1
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1
1 8 49 1 active sync /dev/sdd1
4 8 65 2 spare rebuilding /dev/sde1
3 8 81 - spare /dev/sdf1
5.格式化/dev/md0 RAID5 分区
 

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
1310720 inodes, 2618528 blocks
130926 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2684354560
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
6.创建mdadm.conf文件以使机器重启动生效可以正常使用/dev/md0

 

# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5 num-devices=3 metadata=0.90 spares=1 UUID=ac0b6e5b:904397f1:d8d86aac:277f8585
II.测试RAID 5 功能与管理RAID5
a.首先测试spare热备功能
#mkdir /r5
#mount /dev/md0 /r5
#cd /r5
#seq 1000000 > test.txt
seq 写1-1000000数到 test.txt 下
1.强力set /dev/md0里的一个分区为faulty

 

#mdadm --detail /dev/md0

Rebuild Status : 53% complete
UUID : ac0b6e5b:904397f1:d8d86aac:277f8585
Events : 0.4
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1
3 8 81 1 spare rebuilding /dev/sdf1
2 8 65 2 active sync /dev/sde1
4 8 49 - faulty spare /dev/sdd1
注意：查看时一定要看“3 8 81 1 spare rebuilding /dev/sdf1”
这一行，为热备(spare)盘sdf1顶替sdd1上面为同步中“spare rebuilding”
看这个分区/dev/sdf1完成后（在做换盘操作）如State：active sync 这是正常状态。
2.删除标记为faulty 分区/dev/sdd1

 

mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdd1
#mdadm --detail /dev/md0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
UUID : ac0b6e5b:904397f1:d8d86aac:277f8585
Events : 0.8
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1
1 8 81 1 active sync /dev/sdf1
2 8 65 2 active sync /dev/sde1
3.删除后加入分区
a.还是用这个刚刚删除的“以有问题的/dev/sdd1"分区
b.用fdisk 分区删除原用并重新分区为空的分区
c.用fdisk 按t 标示分区为fd
分好如下：
Disk /dev/sdd1: 5362 MB, 5362850304 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 651 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdd1p1 1 651 5229126 fd Linux raid autodetect
d. 把/dev/sdd1 加入到/dev/md0中去


 

mdadm: added /dev/sdd1
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
UUID : ac0b6e5b:904397f1:d8d86aac:277f8585
Events : 0.8
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1
1 8 81 1 active sync /dev/sdf1
2 8 65 2 active sync /dev/sde1
3 8 49 - spare /dev/sdd1
4.关于其他RAID 如-l 0 （RAID0） -l 1 的配置基本与 -l 5(RAID5)没多少区别
a.RAID0 意义不大，要是两个硬盘还只有起到了加速IO的作用无数据安全可言，-n 只能是2
b.RAID1 写入IO可能要弱些但安全有一定的保障（容量减半）-n 也是2 其他我也没有测试。
c.注意：一定不要用一个物理硬盘的几个分区作为RAID的子盘，这样做根本起不到加速IO与加固硬盘内容安全的目的，只会加重I/O的负载，切记!
5.这个mdadm 的运用，我个人的看法，只感觉是个折中的方案，有米的话还是硬RAID方案（安全高效）。
注：以上在RHEL5.5与centos5.5 测试通过
 

所需工具、文件
Windows 7安装镜像;
我下载的是7600.16385.090713-1255_x64fre_client_zh-cn_Retail_Ultimate-GRMCULXFRER_CN_DVD.iso,3.1G。

linux备份真是太方便了，其实我们常用的tar就是很好的增量备份软件

使用 tar -g 参数进行增量备份实验

完整备份:

#建立测试路径与档案
mkdir test
touch test/{a,b,c};
在test下生成三个文件

#执行完整备份
tar -g snapshot -zcf backup_full.tar.gz test

#查看 tarball 内容
tar ztf backup_full.tar.gz
test/
test/a
test/b
test/c

增量备份:

#新增一个档案
touch test/d

#执行第一次的增量备份 (注意 tarball 档名)
tar -g snapshot -zcf backup_incremental_1.tar.gz test

#查看 tarball 内容
tar ztf backup_incremental_1.tar.gz
test/
test/d

#新增一个档案, 并异动一个档案内容
touch test/e
echo 123 > test/a

#执行第二次的增量备份 (注意 tarball 档名)
tar -g snapshot -zcf backup_incremental_2.tar.gz test

#查看 tarball 内容
tar ztf backup_incremental_2.tar.gz
test/
test/a
test/e

还原备份资料:

#清空测试资料
rm -rf test

#开始进行资料还原
tar zxf backup_full.tar.gz
tar zxf backup_incremental_1.tar.gz
tar zxf backup_incremental_2.tar.gz

#查看测试资料
ls test
a b c d e

使用 tar -u 参数进行增量备份

第一次备份:

#建立测试路径与档案
mkdir test
touch test/a test/b test/c

#备份资料
tar zcf backup.tar.gz test

#查看 tarball 内容
tar ztf backup.tar.gz
test/
test/a
test/b
test/c

增量备份:

#新增一个档案, 并异动一个档案内容
touch test/d
echo 123 > test/a

#执行增量备份 (-u 参数只能执行於未压缩的 tarball)
gunzip backup.tar.gz
tar uf backup.tar test
gzip backup.tar

#查看 tarball 内容
tar ztf backup.tar.gz
test/
test/a
test/b
test/c
test/
test/a
test/d

还原备份资料:

#清除测试资料
rm -rf test

#解包 tarball
tar zxf backup.tar.gz

#查看测试资料
ls test
a b c d